January 27, 2024  |    Leave a comment  |    Home

Syntetic Cannabis exam and Marijuana - know the ins and outs of such a drug termed "dangerous"

Detection in bodily fluids
Artificial cannabinoids are typically not determined via the typical marijuana drug exams such as the immunoassay test (EMIT), GC-MS screening, and multi-target screening by LC-GC/MS mainly because All those checks only detect the existence of THC and its metabolites.[92][93] While most synthetic cannabinoids are analogs of THC, These are structurally different sufficient that, for instance, the particular antibodies from the EMIT for marijuana don't bind to them.[94] Also, because of their superior potency, an exceptionally little dose of synthetic cannabinoids is used; Also, artificial cannabinoids are very metabolized by the human body, And so the window to detect the father or mother drug (the artificial cannabinoid alone) in blood and oral fluid may be very small.[ninety five]

Serum concentrations of artificial cannabinoids are commonly inside the 1–10 μg/L assortment during the 1st several several hours soon after recreational usage as well as the metabolites tend to be present in urine at related concentrations.[ninety six] Tiny to no mum or dad drug is existing in urine, so There's a lots of investigate to try and detect the foremost urinary metabolites which could be employed as markers of synthetic cannabinoid consumption.[7] The main urinary metabolites usually are formed by oxidation in the alkyl facet-chain to an Liquor and carboxylic acid accompanied by glucuronide conjugation and likewise by N-dealkylation and aromatic hydroxylation.[ninety seven] For instance, the most crucial metabolites of JWH-018, of which you will discover around twenty, consist of carboxylated, monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, and trihydroxylated metabolites, but They're primarily excreted in urine as glucuronide conjugates.[eighty four] The presence of artificial cannabinoids or their metabolites in bodily fluids could possibly be established making use of specially focused commercially readily available immunoassay screening techniques (EMIT), when liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is most often utilized for confirmation and quantitation.[98][99][a hundred] You'll find commercially obtainable EMIT kits to the screening from the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-398, JWH-two hundred, JWH-019, JWH-122, JWH-081, JWH-250, JWH-203, CP-forty seven,497, CP-47,497-C8, HU-210, HU-211, AM-2201, AM-694, RCS-four, and RCS-8 as a result of firms like NMS Labs, Cayman Chemical, and Immunoanalysis Corporation.[ninety five]

Noteworthy incidents
New Zealand
In September 2018, at least ten folks overdosed on a artificial cannabinoid, both AMB-FUBINACA or AB, in Christchurch around two times. A lot of the individuals ended up in critical ailment in the Intense Treatment Unit.[one hundred and one]

United states of america
On Oct 20, 2011, the Louisiana Point out College soccer method announced that it had suspended three players, including star cornerback Tyrann Mathieu, who examined optimistic for synthetic cannabinoids.[102]

Within the autumn of 2014, in excess of two thousand Spice people in Russia sought health care awareness, 1-thousand were admitted to hospitals, and forty men and women died.[103]

On July 12, 2016, 33 people were intoxicated by an herbal "incense" item named "AK-forty seven 24 Karat Gold",[104] and dozens overdosed, in Brooklyn. eighteen individuals were being transported to neighborhood hospitals.[one hundred and five] The herbal "incense" products was determined being a artificial cannabinoid identified as AMB-FUBINACA.[104]

Because March 2018, Illinois, Wisconsin, Maryland, and eight other states in The us have experienced an outbreak of critical bleeding attributable to a artificial cannabinoid contaminated with brodifacoum, a rat poison that triggers bleeding. Illinois was hit the hardest[106] and on April 5, 2018, the CDC issued a Medical Motion warn to wellness care suppliers throughout America advising of 89 verified cases of "significant unexplained bleeding" in Illinois. The scenarios remain being studied; even so, 63 on the clients described synthetic cannabinoid use, and laboratory Examination confirmed brodifacoum was existing in not less than 18 individuals.[107] As of April 24, 2018, 153 scenarios, including 4 deaths, connected to this outbreak are described on the Illinois Department of Community Wellness (IDPH) considering that March 7, 2018.[108] On September eighteen, 2018, the Wisconsin Section of Overall health Providers verified 16 far more cases, bringing the full number of people today affected because of the outbreak in Wisconsin to eighty folks considering the fact that March 2018, like one Demise in July 2018.[109]

In August 2018, there have been Just about just one hundred overdose conditions noted above two days in New Haven, Connecticut from a terrible batch of K2. The artificial cannabinoid was believed to are actually mixed with fentanyl, While no fentanyl was identified in samples in the drug analyzed through the DEA.[a hundred and ten]

From September 21–22, 2018, Nearly fifty people overdosed and two folks died in the Kensington location of Philadelphia. Officers considered the cause for being a mix of copyright or fentanyl in addition to a synthetic cannabinoid.[111] This very same space in Philadelphia experienced 155 folks overdose and 10 persons die from a mix of copyright, fentanyl, and a synthetic cannabinoid known as 5F-ADB in excess of just one weekend in July 2018. The Section of Community Health and fitness released that they believe "5F-ADB was the main cause of the cluster of sufferers Using these adverse drug reactions."[112]

On December 10, 2021, the Hillsborough County, Florida Office of wellbeing claimed circumstances of "rat poison" contaminated artificial blends associated with symptoms connected with coagulopathy, a issue the place the blood's capacity to clot is impaired.[113][114][115] two deaths and in excess of 41 hospitalizations have been instantly connected to this certain outbreak as of December sixteen, 2021.[116][117]

Investigation
Vaping-linked pulmonary damage
Artificial cannabinoids have already been speculated to be involved with vaping-related pulmonary personal injury (VAPI).[118][unreliable supply?]

Lawful limitations and regional availability
Artificial cannabinoids usually are not previewed, limited, banned or managed in many nations around the world, It is because they're not fiscalized at international degree, hence They may be authorized or uncontrolled in quite possibly the most elements of the earth as long as they aren't marketed for human use, they may be bought and supplied like investigation substances for medical or industrial functions and might be marketed devoid of it being a crime, and there does exist pharmaceutal laboratories and pharmaceutical organizations that sell, trade and provide this products by the web without having obtaining authorized issues or lawful hurdles to have the ability to achieve this.

Europe
Austria
The Austrian Ministry of Well being announced on December eighteen, 2008, that Spice would be managed under Paragraph seventy eight of their drug-law within the grounds that it consists of an active compound that has an effect on the features of your body, as well as the legality of JWH-018 is under evaluate.[119][one hundred twenty][121]

Germany
JWH-018, CP 47,497 as well as the C6, C8, and C9 homologues of CP forty seven,497 are actually illegal in Germany because January 22, 2009.[122][123] Due to the fact November 26, 2016 about eighty-90% of the substances belonging on the team of artificial cannabinoids are illegal in Germany because the regulation would not address all chemical constructions.[124]

France
JWH-018, CP forty seven,497 (and its homologues), and HU-210 have been all produced unlawful in France on February 24, 2009.[a hundred twenty five]

Ireland
From June 2010, JWH-018, in addition to a number of other designer prescription drugs, is unlawful.[126]

Latvia

A store marketing artificial cannabinoids in Riga in 2012
JWH-018, JWH-073, CP forty seven,497 (and its homologues), and HU-210 as well as leonotis leonurus are actually all banned in Latvia because 2005.[127] Soon after the main verified lethal circumstance from using lawful prescription drugs in late 2013, parliament substantially greater the volume of briefly banned substances Employed in Spice and identical preparations. On April 3, 2014, parliament built promoting with the briefly banned substances a felony offense.[128]

Poland
JWH-018 and a lot of the herbs stated over the component lists of Spice and similar preparations have been produced unlawful in May 2009. The Monthly bill was passed by Polish Sejm[129][a hundred thirty] and Polish Senat[131] and was signed from the President.[132]

Romania
Spice was manufactured illegal in Romania on February fifteen, 2010. As on twelve September 2018 Spice was manufactured legal for private use.[133] A new legislation is getting discussed to help make spice illegal for private use again.[134][one hundred thirty five]

Russia
On April nine, 2009, the Main Clinical Officer of your Russian Federation issued a resolution on reinforcing Management around the revenue of smoking cigarettes-blends. These blends, marketed under the trade names AM-Hello-CO, Aspiration, Spice (Gold, Diamond), Zoom, Ex-ses, Yucatán Fireplace and Some others, are already declared to incorporate Salvia divinorum, Hawaiian wood rose, and blue lotus, and so are prohibited to be bought. These substances are actually observed to possess "psychotropic, narcotic results, incorporate toxic components and stand for prospective threat for people". The resolution isn't going to point out JWH-018 or other artificial cannabinoids.[136] On January 14, 2010, the Russian govt issued a press release like 23 synthetic cannabinoids located in smoking blends Hawaiian Rose and Blue Lotus around the list of prohibited narcotic and psychotropic substances.[137]

About 780 new psychoactive substances were being included to your checklist from 2011 to 2014. The drug-makers prevented every one of the bans by earning slight modifications on the medicine. From the autumn of 2014, much more than two-thousand Spice consumers in Russia sought medical focus, a person-thousand ended up admitted to hospitals, and 40 folks died[103] On October thirty, 2014, President Vladimir Putin introduced in a very Invoice that enhanced the penalty for marketing or consuming cigarette smoking blends from the fine to up to 8 a long time in prison.[138]

Slovakia
Spice is legal in Slovakia. The Nationwide Anti-Drug Device is looking at incorporating it towards the listing of controlled substances.[139] The newest anti-drug regulation Variation (468/2009) valid because January 2010 would not point out Lively compounds of Spice.[140]

Spain
Spice is unregulated in Spain. This is why, Spice is out there in expand store shops or cannabis relevant stores, and it can be bought and shipped on-line with none legal impediment from All those sort of suppliers.[141]

Sweden
CP 47,497-C6, CP forty seven,497-C7, CP 47,497-C8, CP forty seven,497-C9, JWH-018, JWH-073, and HU-210 have been all produced unlawful in Sweden on September 15, 2009. The bill was accepted on July thirty, 2009, and was place in impact on September fifteen, 2009.[142]

Switzerland
Spice has actually been banned in Switzerland.[143]

Turkey
Spice, that's colloquially termed bonzai in Turkey, was included on the listing of medication and psychotropic substances on July 1, 2011, from the law numbered as 2011–1310 B.K.K. (February thirteen, 2011 plus the Formal Gazette No. 27845).[a hundred and forty four]

Uk
The united kingdom controls synthetic cannabinoids by analog beneath the Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971 as Class B medications.[145] Until eventually 2016, synthetic cannabinoids have been lawfully offered in head shops, Even though the actual compounds available altered with time depending on the laws. The united kingdom noticed 3 generations of artificial cannabinoids within just five years wherever the 2nd and third generations emerged in response to amendments into the Misuse of Medication Act, 1971, Buy 2009[146] and Get 2013,[147] which labeled several very first and next generation artificial cannabinoids as Class B medicines. There have been two added amendments in 2016 and 2019, which included in the analog controls many of the most popular synthetic cannabinoids circulating at enough time.[148][149] In Might 2016, the Psychoactive Substances Act was enacted, which created unlawful the creation, distribution, sale, source, and possession in correctional institutions of any compound for human consumption with psychoactive effects.[one hundred fifty] This stopped the open up sale of synthetic cannabinoids in head outlets, Whilst they remain found in use.[151]

North America
Canada
Spice is not really exclusively prohibited in Canada, but artificial cannabis mimics are outlined to be a routine II drug. Agenda II on the Managed Drugs and Substances Act can make reference to distinct synthetic compounds JWH-XXX and AM-XXXX, Whilst isn't limiting to Individuals recognized.[152][153] Overall health Canada is debating the topic.[154][one hundred fifty five] Program II has consisted entirely of synthetic cannabinoids because Oct 2018; these keep on being unlawful pursuing the removing from your agenda of cannabis and its constituents derived from mother nature.

Usa
See also: JWH-018 § America
The situation of David Mitchell Rozga, an American teen from Indianola, Iowa, brought Worldwide interest to K2. Rozga shot himself in the head that has a loved ones-owned searching rifle within an evident suicide on June 6, 2010. Just after information of Rozga's Demise, it absolutely was noted by friends they experienced smoked K2 with Rozga approximately one particular hour right before his death. The character of his Loss of life and studies from quite a few loved ones, led investigators to suspect that Rozga was underneath the affect of the mind-altering compound when he died. The Dying of Rozga influenced political lobbying versus K2, as well as other legal artificial medications which include tub salts. Following the incident, the "David Mitchell Rozga Act" to ban the use and distribution of K2 was introduced by Iowa Senator Chuck Grassley. It was passed by The usa Congress in June 2011.[156] On July 10, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the Synthetic Drug Abuse Avoidance Act of 2012 into regulation. It banned artificial compounds generally found in synthetic cannabis, positioning them underneath Schedule I on the Managed Substances Act.[157]

Ahead of that, some synthetic cannabis compounds (HU-210) have been scheduled inside the US underneath federal legislation, while others (JWH-073) had been briefly scheduled until ultimate resolve in their status might be built.[158][159][a hundred and sixty][161] The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) thought of K2 to get a "drug of worry",[162] citing "a surge in crisis-room visits and calls to poison-Regulate facilities. Adverse overall health outcomes affiliated with its use include seizures, hallucinations, paranoid actions, agitation, stress and anxiety, nausea, vomiting, racing heartbeat, and elevated hypertension."[163][164]

A number of states independently handed functions making it unlawful below condition legislation, together with Kansas in March 2010,[a hundred sixty five] Georgia and Alabama in Could 2010,[166][167] Tennessee and Missouri in July 2010,[168][169] Louisiana in August 2010,[citation essential] Mississippi in September 2010,[citation necessary] and Iowa.[one hundred seventy] An crisis buy was passed in Arkansas in July 2010 banning the sale of artificial cannabis mimics.[171] In Oct 2010, the Oregon Board of Pharmacy stated synthetic cannabinoid chemical substances on its Routine one of controlled substance, meaning that the sale and possession of such substances is prohibited under the Oregon Uniform Managed Substances Act.[172] According to the Countrywide Meeting of State Legislatures, several other states also viewed as legislation, such as New Jersey, New York, Florida, and Ohio.[169] Illinois passed a regulation on July 27, 2010, banning all synthetic cannabinoids as of January 1, 2011.[173] Michigan banned artificial cannabinoids in October 2010,[174] and the South Dakota Legislature passed a ban on these merchandise which was signed into regulation by Gov. Dennis Daugaard on February 23, 2012 (and which took speedy influence underneath an emergency clause of your state Structure).[one hundred seventy five] Indiana banned artificial cannabinoids inside of a law which became successful in March 2012.[176] North Carolina banned synthetic cannabis mimics by a unanimous vote with the state senate, resulting from concerns that its contents and effects are moderately comparable to cannabis, and will cause equivalent results concerning psychological dependency.[177][178]

Pursuing scenarios in Japan involving the usage of synthetic cannabinoids by navy, Military and marine corps personnel, they have been officially banned.[179] A punitive common buy issued on January four, 2010, because of the Commander Maritime Corps Forces, Pacific prohibits the actual or tried possession, use, sale, distribution and manufacture of artificial cannabis mimics together with any by-product, analogue or variant of it.[180] On June eight, 2010, the US Air Pressure issued a memorandum that banned the possession and usage of Spice, or almost every other mood-altering substance apart from Liquor or tobacco, between its provider associates.[181]

Use between 8th, tenth, and twelfth graders has been lowering considering the fact that 2011, when use of botanical marijuana has remained steady.[182] There are important regional differences, with significant declines during the Western and Southern US, and increases within the Northeast and Midwest.[183]

Dronabinol
Exceptional are synthetic ∆nine-THC (dronabinol) -that contains FDA-authorised drug goods using a at the moment accepted clinical use in therapy in America, which include Syndros and Marinol, that are, respectively, underneath Routine II and Program III in the CSA.[184][185]

South The united states
Chile
The Chilean Ministry of Overall health on April 24, 2009, declared the sale of artificial cannabis mimics to become unlawful.[186]

Asia
South Korea
South Korea formally added JWH-018, CP 47,497 and HU-210 into the controlled compound record on July one, 2009, correctly producing these chemicals illegal.[187]

Indonesia
Tembakau Gorilla (Gorilla Tobacco), a capture-all term for artificial cannabinoids blended in tobacco items, ended up mentioned as Class I Narcotics without any therapeutic use in 2017.[188][189]

Japan
Japan has banned JWH-018, CP 47, 497, and homologues, and HU-210 since October 2009.[citation wanted]

United Arab-Emirates
The United Arab Emirates experienced said that Spice is really an unlawful substance and possession or intent to sell is often a jailable offense.[a hundred ninety]

Australasia
Australia
On June seventeen, 2011, the Western Australian authorities banned all of the synthetic cannabinoids located in presently present products and solutions, together with models which include Kronic, Kalma, Voodoo, Kaos, and Mango Kush. Western Australia was the 1st condition in Australia to ban the sale of selected synthetic cannabinoids.[191][192] On June eighteen, 2013, an interim ban manufactured a substantial listing of product or service manufacturers and synthetic substances illegal to sell any where in Australia.[193] This ban lapsed on October thirteen, 2013, along with a permanent ban has not been imposed.[194] Artificial cannabinoids and associated products and solutions continue to be unlawful in NSW, in which a Monthly bill was handed on September 18, 2013, that bans overall families of synthetic prescription drugs as an alternative to only banning present compounds which have been identified.[195][196] The introduction of this legislation would make NSW the first point out in Australia to entirely ban substances with psychoactive Houses.[196]

New Zealand
Artificial Cannabinoids are illegal in New Zealand, it is classed as a Class A managed drug.[197] The brand new Zealand Parliament handed a regulation in July 2013 banning the sale of lawful highs in dairies and supermarkets, but letting some "small hazard" medications to carry on to generally be sold by way of speciality certified stores.[198] Artificial cannabinoids, together with all other lawful highs were being outlawed at midnight on seven May perhaps 2014, following a legislation was passed per week prior by the New Zealand government.[199]

An Evaluation of 41 different synthetic cannabis mimic blends sold commercially in New Zealand, conducted from the Institute of Environmental Science and Study and released in July 2011, uncovered eleven diverse synthetic cannabinoid substances applied, which includes JWH-018, JWH-073, AM-694, AM-2201, RCS-4, RCS-four butyl homologue, JWH-210, JWH-081, JWH-250 (or potentially JWH-302, isomer not established), JWH-203, and JWH-122—with between a person and five different Energetic ingredients, nevertheless JWH-018 was current in 37 of the forty one blends tested. In two brands, the benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug phenazepam was also observed, which is classified to be a prescription drugs in New Zealand, and these models were purchased for being faraway from the marketplace by crisis recall.[200][201] Considering the fact that this time, a further fifteen cannabinoid compounds are detected as ingredients of artificial cannabis mimicking blends in New Zealand and banned as short term course prescription drugs.[202] In 2013, An additional hypnotic medication, zaleplon, was uncovered to happen to be made use of being an Lively component in a blend that had been marketed in New Zealand for the duration of 2011 and 2012.[203]


References[edit]




  1. ^ UNODC, Laboratory & Scientific Service. "Details for Synthetic cannabinoids". United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 2021-10-17.

  2. ^ Mechoulam, R; Lander, N; Breuer, A; Zahalka, J (1990). "Synthesis of the individual, pharmacologically distinct, enantiomers of a tetrahydrocannabinol derivative". Tetrahedron: Asymmetry. 1 (5): 315–318. doi:10.1016/S0957-4166(00)86322-3.

  3. ^ Seely, Kathryn A.; Lapoint, Jeff; Moran, Jeffery H.; Fattore, Liana (2012-12-03). "Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 39 (2): 234–243. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.04.017. ISSN 1878-4216. PMC 3936256. PMID 22561602.

  4. ^ Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2020). "'Cannabis' ontologies I: Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology". Drug Science, Policy and Law. 6: 12, 19. doi:10.1177/2050324520945797. ISSN 2050-3245. S2CID 234435350.

  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Macher R, Burke TW, Owen SS (2012-05-01). "Synthetic Marijuana". FBI: Law Enforcement Bulletin. Retrieved 2020-03-19.

  6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Science, Live (2017-02-07). "Synthetic Marijuana Linked To Seizures, Psychosis And Death". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2018-05-04.

  7. ^ Jump up to:a b c Diao X, Huestis MA (February 2017). "Approaches, Challenges, and Advances in Metabolism of New Synthetic Cannabinoids and Identification of Optimal Urinary Marker Metabolites". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 101 (2): 239–253. doi:10.1002/cpt.534. PMID 27727455. S2CID 10910467.

  8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Banister SD, Stuart J, Kevin RC, Edington A, Longworth M, Wilkinson SM, et al. (August 2015). "Effects of bioisosteric fluorine in synthetic cannabinoid designer drugs JWH-018, AM-2201, UR-144, XLR-11, PB-22, 5F-PB-22, APICA, and STS-135". ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 6 (8): 1445–58. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00107. PMID 25921407.

  9. ^ Cannaert A, Storme J, Franz F, Auwärter V, Stove CP (December 2016). "Detection and Activity Profiling of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Their Metabolites with a Newly Developed Bioassay". Analytical Chemistry. 88 (23): 11476–11485. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02600. hdl:1854/LU-8506703. PMID 27779402.

  10. ^ Rapaka RS, Makriyannis A, eds. (1987). "Structure-Activity Relationships of the Cannabinoids" (PDF). NIDA Research Monograph. 79 – via U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

  11. ^ "K2: Scary Drug or Another Drug Scare?". Newsweek. 2010-03-03. Retrieved 2018-05-04.

  12. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Abouchedid R, Ho JH, Hudson S, Dines A, Archer JR, Wood DM, Dargan PI (December 2016). "Acute Toxicity Associated with Use of 5F-Derivations of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists with Analytical Confirmation". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 12 (4): 396–401. doi:10.1007/s13181-016-0571-7. PMC 5135680. PMID 27456262.

  13. ^ "Notes from the Field: Increase in Reported Adverse Health Effects Related to Synthetic Cannabinoid Use — United States, January–May 2015". www.cdc.gov. June 12, 2015. Retrieved 2018-11-01.

  14. ^ Jump up to:a b "Frequently Asked Questions | Marijuana | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-05-04. 10. How harmful is K2/Spice (synthetic marijuana or synthetic cannabinoids)?

  15. ^ Jump up to:a b "Statement from FDA warning about significant health risks of contaminated illegal synthetic cannabinoid products that are being encountered by FDA" (Press release). United States Food and Drug Administration. July 19, 2018.

  16. ^ Angerer V, Moosman B, Franz F, Auwärter V (2015). "5F-cumyl-PINACA in 'e-liquids' for electronic cigarettes – A new type of synthetic cannabinoid in a trendy product" (PDF). Retrieved 14 June 2018.

  17. ^ McLennan, William (22 September 2018). "Vapers tricked into buying synthetic cannabis-laced product". The Observer.

  18. ^ "Health warning issued over fake "THC vape" that contains "spice"". www.christie.nhs.uk.

  19. ^ "Eight pupils collapse after vaping Spice missold as THC vape". Metro. 17 December 2019.

  20. ^ Day, Rebecca (16 July 2019). "Schoolchildren have collapsed after vaping Spice". men.

  21. ^ "Schoolchildren collapse after unknowingly inhaling spice vape". The Independent. 16 July 2019. Archived from the original on 2022-05-26.

  22. ^ Tahsin, Jamie (10 December 2019). "If You Buy Weed Vapes in the UK, Beware – But Not for the Reason You Think". Vice.

  23. ^ "Health warning as nine young people collapse after using 'spice' vape". ITV News.

  24. ^ "Health warning as nine youths collapse after using 'spice' vape". www.lep.co.uk.

  25. ^ "Health warning as nine youths collapse after using 'Spice' vape". www.thestar.co.uk.

  26. ^ "Cannabis 3.8.3 Vervuiling van cannabis". Nationale Drug Monitor (in Dutch). 27 October 2020.

  27. ^ "Fake Hanf: Ein Drogentrend schwappt in die Schweiz – was du darüber wissen musst". watson.ch (in German).

  28. ^ "Fake Hanf: Tödliches Marihuana hat bereits 61 Menschen getötet". watson.ch (in German).

  29. ^ "Fake Hanf mit synthetischen Cannabinoiden besprüht - drugcom". www.drugcom.de.

  30. ^ "Tödlicher Fake Hanf - Chemisch behandelte Hanfblüten – niemand kann sie erkennen". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF) (in German). 14 August 2020.

  31. ^ Harris, Jenese (22 September 2020). "Calls about poisonings from fake marijuana edibles, candy triple". WJXT.

  32. ^ EcstasyData.org, DrugsData org / Erowid /. "DrugsData.org (formerly EcstasyData): Test Details : Result #6905 - Synthetisches Haschisch, 6905". www.drugsdata.org.

  33. ^ EcstasyData.org, DrugsData org / Erowid /. "DrugsData.org (formerly EcstasyData): Test Details : Result #8111 - Haschish, 8111". www.drugsdata.org.

  34. ^ EcstasyData.org, DrugsData org / Erowid /. "DrugsData.org (formerly EcstasyData): Test Details : Result #8255 - Fake Hash, 8255". www.drugsdata.org.

  35. ^ EcstasyData.org, DrugsData org / Erowid /. "DrugsData.org (formerly EcstasyData): Test Details : Result #8672 - Adulterated Hash, 8672". www.drugsdata.org.

  36. ^ "How the Associated Press collected information on CBD-vapes". AP NEWS. 16 September 2019.

  37. ^ Spaderna, M; Addy, PH; D'Souza, DC (August 2013). "Spicing things up: Synthetic cannabinoids". Psychopharmacology. 228 (4): 525–40. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3188-4. PMC 3799955. PMID 23836028.

  38. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Fattore L, Fratta W (2011-09-21). "Beyond THC: The New Generation of Cannabinoid Designer Drugs". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 5: 60. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00060. PMC 3187647. PMID 22007163.

  39. ^ Uchiyama N, Matsuda S, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y (2013-07-01). "Two new-type cannabimimetic quinolinyl carboxylates, QUPIC and QUCHIC, two new cannabimimetic carboxamide derivatives, ADB-FUBINACA and ADBICA, and five synthetic cannabinoids detected with a thiophene derivative α-PVT and an opioid receptor agonist AH-7921 identified in illegal products". Forensic Toxicology. 31 (2): 223–240. doi:10.1007/s11419-013-0182-9. ISSN 1860-8965. S2CID 1279637.

  40. ^ Zolot J (March 2019). "Life-Threatening Bleeding and Deaths from Synthetic Cannabinoids". The American Journal of Nursing. 119 (3): 15. doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000554023.28593.fd. PMID 30801303.

  41. ^ Fattore, Liana; Fratta, Walter (21 September 2011). "Beyond THC: The New Generation of Cannabinoid Designer Drugs". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 5: 60. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00060. PMC 3187647. PMID 22007163.

  42. ^ Uchiyama, Nahoko; Kikura-Hanajiri, Ruri; Ogata, Jun; Goda, Yukihiro (May 2010). "Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products". Forensic Science International. 198 (1–3): 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.01.004. PMID 20117892.

  43. ^ Kikura-Hanajiri R, Uchiyama N, Goda Y (May 2011). "Survey of current trends in the abuse of psychotropic substances and plants in Japan". Legal Medicine. 13 (3): 109–15. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.02.003. PMID 21377397.

  44. ^ Uchiyama N, Kawamura M, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Goda Y (April 2013). "URB-754: a new class of designer drug and 12 synthetic cannabinoids detected in illegal products". Forensic Science International. 227 (1–3): 21–32. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.08.047. PMID 23063179.

  45. ^ European Monitoring Centre for Drugs Drug Addiction (2009). Understanding the 'Spice' phenomenon (PDF). European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. doi:10.2810/27063. ISBN 9789291684113. ISSN 1725-5767. Retrieved 2 October 2021.

  46. ^ "Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe | www.emcdda.europa.eu". www.emcdda.europa.eu. Retrieved 2018-05-04.

  47. ^ "New York Bans 'Synthetic Marijuana'". NPR.org. Retrieved 2018-05-04.

  48. ^ "Synthetic Cannabinoids: The Newest, Almost Illicit Drug of Abuse". www.mdedge.com. Retrieved 2018-05-04.

  49. ^ Support, Spice Addiction (1 March 2017). "700 Street Names for Synthetic Marijuana (Spice, K2, etc.)". Spice Addiction Support.

  50. ^ Jump up to:a b c d European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2009). "Understanding the "Spice" Phenomenon" (PDF). EMCDDA 2009 Thematic Paper.

  51. ^ Cesarone, Travis (2021-06-30). "One dollar THC threatens the future of the cannabis farmer — here's why". Latest Cannabis News Today - Headlines, Videos & Stocks. Retrieved 2021-10-17.

  52. ^ Jump up to:a b Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2020). "'Cannabis' ontologies I: Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology". Drug Science, Policy and Law. 6: 25–29. doi:10.1177/2050324520945797. ISSN 2050-3245. S2CID 234435350.

  53. ^ Pertwee RG (January 2006). "Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66 years". British Journal of Pharmacology. 147 Suppl 1 (S1): S163-71. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706406. PMC 1760722. PMID 16402100.

  54. ^ Crowther SM, Reynolds LA, Tansey EM, eds. (2010). "The Medicalization of Cannabis" (PDF). Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine. 40 – via Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL.

  55. ^ Law R, Schier J, Martin C, Chang A, Wolkin A (June 2015). "Notes from the Field: Increase in Reported Adverse Health Effects Related to Synthetic Cannabinoid Use - United States, January-May 2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 64 (22): 618–9. PMC 4584925. PMID 26068566.

  56. ^ Khullar V, Jain A, Sattari M (August 2014). "Emergence of new classes of recreational drugs-synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 29 (8): 1200–4. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-2802-4. PMC 4099455. PMID 24553958.

  57. ^ Buser GL, Gerona RR, Horowitz BZ, Vian KP, Troxell ML, Hendrickson RG, et al. (August 2014). "Acute kidney injury associated with smoking synthetic cannabinoid". Clinical Toxicology. 52 (7): 664–73. doi:10.3109/15563650.2014.932365. PMID 25089722. S2CID 5175567.

  58. ^ Hermanns-Clausen M, Kneisel S, Szabo B, Auwärter V (March 2013). "Acute toxicity due to the confirmed consumption of synthetic cannabinoids: clinical and laboratory findings". Addiction. 108 (3): 534–44. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.04078.x. PMID 22971158.

  59. ^ Young AC, Schwarz E, Medina G, Obafemi A, Feng SY, Kane C, Kleinschmidt K (September 2012). "Cardiotoxicity associated with the synthetic cannabinoid, K9, with laboratory confirmation". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 30 (7): 1320.e5–7. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.05.013. PMID 21802885.

  60. ^ Jump up to:a b c Fattore L (April 2016). "Synthetic Cannabinoids-Further Evidence Supporting the Relationship Between Cannabinoids and Psychosis". Biological Psychiatry. 

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *